An extrusion die is a tool used to produce components of a desired shape by applying pressure to induce plastic deformation in metal materials. Its basic structure comprises core components such as the die holder, the female die, and the pressure ring; depending on the process, these dies are classified into forward, backward, and lateral extrusion types.
The design of extrusion dies involves key technical elements such as die orifice configuration, calculation of bearing surface length (e.g., based on the concentric circle rule), and metal flow velocity control (utilizing flow-retarding or flow-accelerating angles). Common materials include hot-work die steels such as 3Cr2W8V and 4Cr5MoSiV1. While capable of producing profiles with complex cross-sections (with widths up to 2,500 mm), these dies have limitations, including high rates of metal scrap loss and significant tool consumption.
